4A shows a superposition of the electric field intensities for normally incident light of wavelengths 420 nm (blue) and 610 nm (orange). 2 F and H) are strikingly similar to the experimental spectra (Fig. So let me tell you why the Western Parotia scene is the best scene in Our Planet. (D) TEM of a barbule of an occipital feather. 33cm long, bird of paradise with a medium-length tail. (E) Angle-dependent reflectance spectra measured when applying TE-polarized light. Local illumination of a breast feather barbule with the primary beam of the scatterometer yields a complex scattering pattern with three colored areas (Fig. 3A, and see time-lapse movies of Movie S2). The reflectance spectra of the side strongly depend on the thickness of the barbules cortex, which is naturally somewhat variable (compare also the color of the side reflections in Fig. Our analysis of the feather reflectance suggests that the mating displays of Lawes’ parotia have the potential to be tuned to the spectral properties of the observing females’ visual system (Fig. 19) based on a pair of optical fibers that could be rotated independently around the same axis, one acting as the light source, the other as the light collector, connected to an AvaSpec-2048–2 spectrometer (Avantes). kuningasliputtaja, Parotia wahnesi More, Results for: western parotiaTranslations 1 - 30 of 86 The angle- and polarization-dependent reflectance spectra calculated for the occipital feather (Fig. We do not capture any email address. Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved January 29, 2014 (received for review December 18, 2013). 25). A minor difference is the color of the thin-film side reflection, which is cyan-green (Fig. The occipital plumes (or head wires) arise from above and behind the eyes, with three long, erectile wire-like plumes with smaller spatulate tips, above and behind each eye. 4B) instead of blue (Fig. The peak wavelength of the reflectance spectra measured in the longitudinal symmetry plane, i.e., with illumination and detection parallel to the barbules’ long axis, shifts with increasing angle of incidence toward shorter wavelengths whereas the amplitude strongly diminishes (Fig. During the dance, the males shape-shift: from the normal bird-like appearance they take various bizarre forms, by making use of the different functionalized feathers (see pages 126–129 of ref. Measurement of the angle-dependent reflectance documents this even more clearly. Finnish Finnish We examined the far-field, 180° hemispherical angular distribution of the light scattered by single barbules using an imaging scatterometer built around an ellipsoidal mirror (17, 19). performed research; K.M. Western Parotia- The males of the Western Parotia takes special interest in their courting performance. and H.D.R. The complex anatomy of the breast feather barbules does not allow analytical modeling of the spatial and spectral reflection properties. The red circles in B–D indicate angular directions of 5°, 30°, 60°, and 90° and correspond to the red circles in A. (Left) Western Parotia male performing "ballerina dance" for a female; (Right) Charles Darwin (Image by Messrs. Maull and Fox, ca. English English töpöliputtaja, Parotia lawesii 3 B–D). This might reveal possible tuning and evolution of the display to the bird’s color vision. Male birds-of-paradise use their bright and beautiful feathers to attract female birds-of-paradise. (Left) Western Parotia male performing "ballerina dance" for a female; (Right) Charles Darwin (Image by Messrs. Maull and Fox, ca. The time-lapse movies for these wavelengths are shown in Movie S2. To be able to perform a quantitative analysis of the optical properties of the occipital feathers, we measured the feathers’ reflectance as a function of illumination angle for transverse electric (TE)- as well as for TM-polarized light with a goniometric fiber setup (Fig. The male has a black plumage with an iridescent golden-green breast shield and triangular silver feathers on its crown. Western Parotia Visibility in the dancing ritual and spectral tuning. S4). FDTD modeling of bird-of-paradise feathers. western We thank Prof. Ulli Steiner and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments, Hein Leertouwer for ongoing collaboration, Aidan Vey for proofreading, Dr. Julian Thorpe for the electron micrographs, and Prof. Justin Marshall and Dr. Tim Laman for providing photographs. head and neck rapidly to show the brilliance of his inverted silver This is a female Western Parotia. The diet consists mainly of fruits and figs. The male has a S5). A comparative investigation of the highly specialized feathers and the visual system will elucidate the evolution of avian plumage as well as the importance of key variations in barbule morphology (37) and feather color in connection to the visual ecology of avian photoreceptors (23, 24). triangular silver feathers on its crown. The male prepares the place he woos females. Threatened Species. A piece of a feather was embedded in a mixture of Epon and Araldite following standard procedures (19). This is realized with the secondary, wide-angled (180°) beam of the scatterometer (18, 19). Differences in the morphology of the structural colored feathers, i.e., in the dimensions of the spongy structured barbs or the melanosome multilayers in the barbules, can modify the color of the reflected light and can thus tune the optical properties of the feathers. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. eastern parotia ( B ) Spectral sensitivities of the four photoreceptors of the pigeon peaking in the violet, blue, green, and red, respectively (after ref.
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