[22] Of the 2,133 Klamath tribal members at the time of termination, 1,660 (78%) decided to withdraw from the tribe and accept individual payments for land. Termination of the Klamath tribe was part of a broader Federal Indian termination policy which persisted for about a decade after the Termination Act of 1953, which reflected the political climate of the era, i.e. Local farmers tried unsuccessfully to claim water rights in the 2001 cases, Klamath Water Users Association v. Patterson and Kandra v. United States but these were decided in favor of the Department of Interior's right to give precedence to tribal fishing in its management of water flows and rights in the Klamath Basin. 1.The Klamath Tribes signed their Treaty in 1864 with the United States of America. The fact that Klamaths, in particular, were not consulted was made clear by the testimony to Congress of Seldon Kirk, chairman of the Klamath General Council, in 1954: "We who represent and speak for the Klamath Indians really do not know what the Indians want themselves. This plan became a trust relationship between tribal members and the United States National Bank in Portland, Oregon. [27] Although the land base was not returned, the Klamath Tribes were directed to compose a plan to regain economic self-sufficiency. The Klamath Tribes were one of the tribes terminated from federal recognition in the 1950s and later restored to federal recognition in 1986. They lived along the Klamath Marsh, on the banks of Agency Lake, near the mouth of the Lower Williamson River, on Pelican Bay, beside the Link River, and in the uplands of the Sprague River Valley. They owned (and judiciously managed for long-term yield) the largest remaining stand of Ponderosa pine in the west. The Wocus Lilly, which is Traditional to our people, is indigenous to this area. Early in the reservation period, Klamath Tribal members demonstrated an eagerness to turn new economic opportunities to their advantage. 144-147, Robert H. Rudy and John Arthur Brown, Indians of the Pacific Northwest (University of Oklahoma Press 1988) p. 264, 1884 lease to Sprague at p. 754, available at, Charles E. KIMBALL et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. John D. CALLAHAN et al., Defendants-Appellees. [17] In 1957, Congress were told that in the 1953/54 school year, 40% of Klamath students had failed to move up to the next grade; that two-thirds of able-bodied males do little or no work; and that a majority of the Indian population had been arrested at some point in their lives. When a railroad was built in 1911, reservation timber became extremely valuable. However, much of their traditional land had already been sold. Other Klamaths live on rancherias together with Wiyot, Hupa, Tolowa, and Maidu Indians. By 1896 timber sales outside the reservation were estimated at a quarter of a million board feet. By 1881, Indian Agent Nickerson in his third annual report to his supervisors in Washington stated that a 50-pupil boarding school had been established, apprentices served at the sawmill, carpenter's shop, and blacksmith shop, and a 10-member native police force led by the Klamath tribal chief and sub-chief kept order. Both men and women took advantage of the vocational training offered, and soon held a wide variety of skilled jobs within the reservation, as well as, the Fort Klamath military post, and in Linkville. … [19], An unpopular Klamath leader, Wade Crawford, had proposed termination of his own tribe in 1945,[20] and tried to convince other Klamaths that termination would be in their interests, with some success among wealthier Klamaths who wanted more control over their own finances. By 1881 tribal members had already built a boarding school, an office building, many residences and agricultural outbuildings, miles of fencing and were working on a new police headquarters. [6] However, the irrigation system that Nickerson suggested in 1884 was only built 16 years later, after his death and a severe drought throughout the west.[7]. The unsuitability of the woodlands for conventional farming had meant that most of it had escaped the fate of being given to white settlers under the 1887 Allotment Act. The Deer population (while in State and Federal control) went from 60 per sq. The Act defines the members as the "Klamath and Modoc Tribes and the Yahooskin Band of Snake Indians, and of the individual members thereof". Under this act, all federal supervision over Klamath lands, as well as federal aid provided to the Klamath because of their special status as Indians, ended.[9]. In 1965, as a part of the US settlement with the Klamath reservation, a series of hearings were held from April to August. Congress ended federal supervision of the Klamath tribe in Oregon in 1954. The Klamaths, in particular, were targeted for termination because they appeared to be prospering. History and Cultural Relations. The current tribal government leadership is as follows: [34]. Those who stayed became members of a tribal management plan. The Modoc people inhabited the Tule Lake area of Northern California and Southern Oregon. The wealth quest was individual. History. F. Spencer et. [8] Today the cattle industry remains important economically. The tribal government is based in Chiloquin, Oregon. [11] In total, 113 Indian tribes were dissolved in the 1950s. A Klamath Tribal Agency-sponsored sawmill was completed in 1870 and construction of Agency buildings began. Gatschet’s 715-page study, “The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon” for the Department of the Interior in 1890, refers to the native Klamath people as Maklaks. [18] Congress heard further testimony that although Klamaths had "shed the blanket" by abandoning outward Indian customs and dress, they hadn't "acquired the skills and attitudes necessary for the assumption of the responsibilities in a non-Indian society which they will be required to assume upon termination." [12] An economist noted that "the Klamaths were never, since 1918, a 'burden' on taxpayers.". There are probably no more than a few speakers of Klamath alive today. 493 F.2d 564, Kirke Kickingbird and Karen Ducheneaux, "One Hundred Million Acres (New York: Macmillan, 1973), p160 ", Donald L. Fixico, "Termination and Relocation - Federal Indian Policy, 1945-1960 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1969), p16, William Thomas Trulove, "The Economic Impact of Federal Indian Policy: Incentives and Response of the Klamath Indians (unpublished University of Oregon Ph.D. thesis, 1971), p16, Stanford Research Institute, "Preliminary Planning for Termination of Federal Control over the Klamath Indian Tribe" (Melno Park, California: Stanford Research Institute, 1956) p29, Stanford Research Institute, "Preliminary Planning for Termination of Federal Control over the Klamath Indian Tribe" (Melno Park, California: Stanford Research Institute, 1956) p124, Task Force Ten, "Terminated and Non federally recognized Indians - Final Report to the American Indian Policy Review Commission (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976) p44, Hiroto Zakoji, "Termination and the Klamath Indian Education Program, 1955-61 (Salem, Oregon: State Department of Education, 1961) p35, Kirke Kickingbird and Karen Ducheneaux, "One Hundred Million Acres (New York: Macmillan, 1973), p169 ", Task Force Ten, "Terminated and Non federally recognized Indians - Final Report to the American Indian Policy Review Commission" (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976) p45. Box 436 Chiloquin, OR 97624-0436 Phone: 1.541.783.2219 Fax: 1.541.783.2029 The Klamath Tribes Official Website; History [edit | edit source] Brief Timeline [edit | edit source] 1829: Peter Skene Ogden (Hudson Bay Company) established trade relations with the tribe; 1864: Treaty, settled on a reservation; 1872-73: Modoc War [28] These fragments are generally located in and near the communities of Chiloquin and Klamath Falls. Legends and oral history tell about when the world and the animals were created, when the animals and gmok’am’c, the Creator, sat … Work's expedition visited Warner Lakes and Lake Abert and camped at Crooked Creek in the Chandler Park area. As testified to Congress in 1954, "The Klamath Tribe has been considered one of the most advanced Indian groups in the United States."
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